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<title>Subcellular localization</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Subcellular localization</span></span>

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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>The <a href="Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> of <a href="Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotic organisms</a> are elaborately subdivided into functionally-distinct membrane-bound compartments. Some major constituents of eukaryotic cells are: <a href="Extracellular_space" title="Extracellular space">extracellular space</a>, <a href="Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">plasma membrane</a>, <a href="Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a>, <a href="Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nucleus</a>, <a href="Mitochondria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondria">mitochondria</a>, <a href="Golgi_apparatus" title="Golgi apparatus">Golgi apparatus</a>, <a href="Endoplasmic_reticulum" title="Endoplasmic reticulum">endoplasmic reticulum</a> (ER), <a href="Peroxisome" title="Peroxisome">peroxisome</a>, <a href="Vacuole" title="Vacuole">vacuoles</a>, <a href="Cytoskeleton" title="Cytoskeleton">cytoskeleton</a>, <a href="Nucleoplasm" title="Nucleoplasm">nucleoplasm</a>, <a href="Nucleolus" title="Nucleolus">nucleolus</a>, <a href="Nuclear_matrix" title="Nuclear matrix">nuclear matrix</a> and <a href="Ribosome" title="Ribosome">ribosomes</a>.

</p><p><a href="Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> also have subcellular localizations that can be separated when the cell is fractionated. The most common localizations referred to include the <a href="Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a>, the <a href="Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cytoplasmic membrane</a> (also referred to as the <a href="Inner_nuclear_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner nuclear membrane">inner membrane</a> in <a href="Gram-negative" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram-negative">Gram-negative</a> bacteria), the <a href="Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell wall</a> (which is usually thicker in <a href="Gram-positive" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram-positive">Gram-positive</a> bacteria) and the <a href="Extracellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Extracellular">extracellular</a> environment. The cytoplasm, the cytoplasmic membrane and the cell wall are subcellular localizations, whereas the extracellular environment is clearly not. Most Gram-negative bacteria also contain an <a href="Bacterial_outer_membrane" title="Bacterial outer membrane">outer membrane</a> and <a href="Periplasmic_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Periplasmic space">periplasmic space</a>. Unlike eukaryotes, most bacteria contain no membrane-bound organelles, however there are some exceptions (i.e. <a href="Magnetosome" title="Magnetosome">magnetosomes</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protein_Subcellular_Location_Databases">Protein Subcellular Location Databases</h2></div>

<p>The experimentally determined subcellular locations of proteins can be found in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/">UniProtKB</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://compartments.jensenlab.org/Search">Compartments</a>, and in a few more specialized resources, such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.cmbi.umcn.nl/lab_secretome/">the lactic acid bacterial secretome database</a>.

</p><p>There are also several subcellular location databases with <a href="Protein_subcellular_localization_prediction" title="Protein subcellular localization prediction">computational predictions</a>, such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioinformatics.ysu.edu/secretomes/fungi2/index.php">the fungal secretome and subcellular proteome knowledgebase - version 2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160410112728/http://bioinformatics.ysu.edu/secretomes/fungi2/index.php">Archived</a> 2016-04-10 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (FunSecKB2), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioinformatics.ysu.edu/secretomes/plant/index.php">the plant secretome and subcellular proteome knowledgebase</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160406104932/http://bioinformatics.ysu.edu/secretomes/plant/index.php">Archived</a> 2016-04-06 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (PlantSecKB), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioinformatics.ysu.edu/secretomes/animal/index.php">MetazSecKB</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160406104921/http://bioinformatics.ysu.edu/secretomes/animal/index.php">Archived</a> 2016-04-06 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> for protein subcellular locations of human and animals, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioinformatics.ysu.edu/secretomes/protist/index.php">ProtSecKB</a> for protein subcellular locations of all protists.

</p><p><a href="Proteome_Analyst" title="Proteome Analyst">Proteome Analyst</a> is a freely available web server and online toolkit for predicting protein subcellular localization.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Protein_targeting" title="Protein targeting">Protein targeting</a></li>

<li><a href="Protein_subcellular_localization_prediction" title="Protein subcellular localization prediction">Protein subcellular localization prediction</a>.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schuler D. (2004). Molecular analysis of a subcellular compartment: the magnetosome membrane in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense.

Arch Microbiol. 181:1-7</span>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFFysheYifeng_LiuDuane_SzafronRussell_Greiner2008" class="citation journal cs1">Fyshe, Alona; Yifeng Liu; Duane Szafron; Russell Greiner; Paul Lu (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbioinformatics%2Fbtn463">"Improving Subcellular Localization Prediction using Text Classification and the Gene Ontology"</a>. <i>Bioinformatics</i>. <b>24</b> (21): <span class="nowrap">2512–</span>7. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbioinformatics%2Fbtn463">10.1093/bioinformatics/btn463</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18728042">18728042</a>.</cite></span>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2024-07-21" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Subcellular_localization&oldid=1235828170">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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